Percepciones del periodismo y la confianza en las noticias entre usuarios de medios tradicionalistas y digitales: un análisis comparativo de Dinamarca, España y EE. UU.
Resumen
Este estudio analiza la confianza en las noticias y la relevancia otorgada al periodismo por diferentes perfiles de usuarios en tres países (Dinamarca, España y Estados Unidos), pertenecientes a cada uno de los sistemas mediáticos identificados por Hallin y Mancini (2004). Para esta investigación utilizamos dos encuestas en línea (2019 y 2020) realizadas por el Instituto Reuters a más de dos mil personas en cada país. Nuestros resultados muestran que los usuarios que consumen noticias a través de periódicos, radios y televisión confían más en las noticias que aquellos cuya principal fuente de información son los dispositivos digitales. Los usuarios tradicionalistas también tienen un mayor grado de satisfacción con las funciones clásicas del periodismo: vigilar a los poderosos (función de «perro guardián»), difundir información de actualidad (función diseminadora) y explicar la actualidad al público (función interpretativa). Existen diferencias entre países, especialmente en la valoración de la función de «perro guardián». Los españoles, que pertenecen al sistema pluralista polarizado, son los que peor valoran su cumplimiento entre los medios de comunicación de su país.
Palabras clave
periodismo, confianza, repertorios mediáticos, tecnología digital, sistemas mediáticosCitas
AALBERG, T., VAN AELST, P. and CURRAN, J. (2010). “Media systems and the political information environment: A cross-national comparison”. The International Journal of Press/Politics, 15 (3), 255-271.
ADONI, H., PERUŠKO, Z., NOSSEK, H. and SCHRØDER, K. C. (2017). “Introduction: News consumption as a democratic resource – News media repertoires across Europe”. Participations. Journal of Audience & Reception Studies, 14 (2), 226-252.
ANDERSEN, K., SHEHATA, A. and ANDERSSON, D. (2021). “Alternative News Orientation and Trust in Mainstream Media: A Longitudinal Audience Perspective”. Digital Journalism.
BARNHURST, K. G. and NERONE, J. (2009). “Journalism history”. In: WAHL-JORGENSEN, K. and HANITZSCH, T. (Eds.). The Handbook of Journalism Studies. New York: Routledge, 37-48.
BJUR, J., SCHRØDER, K. C., HASEBRINK, U., COURTOIS, C., ADONI, H. and NOSSEK, H. (2013). “Cross-media Use. Unfolding Complexities in Contemporary Audiencehood”. In: N. CARPENTIER, K. C. SCHRØDER and L. HALLETT (Eds.). Transformations: Shifting Audience Positions in Late Modernity. New York: Routledge, 15-29.
BRÜGGEMANN, M., ENGESSER, S., BÜCHEL, F., HUMPRECHT, E. and CASTRO, L. (2014). “Hallin and Mancini revisited: Four empirical types of Western media systems”. Journal of Communication, 64 (6), 1037-1065.
CAREY, J. W. (1989). Communication as Culture. Essays on Media and Society. New York: Routledge.
CARLSON, M., ROBINSON, S. and LEWIS, S. C. (2021). News after Trump: Journalism’s crisis of relevance in a changed media culture. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
CHADWICK, A. (2017). The Hybrid Media System: Politics and Power. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
COSTERA MEIJER, I. C. (2013). “Valuable journalism: A search for quality from the vantage point of the user”. Journalism, 14 (6), 754-770.
COULDRY, N., LIVINGSTONE, S. and MARKHAM, T. (2007). Media Consumption and Public Engagement. Beyond the Presumption of Attention. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
EDGERLY, S. (2015). “Red Media, Blue Media, and Purple Media: News Repertoires in the Colorful Media Landscape”. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 59 (1), 1-21.
FLETCHER, R. and PARK, S. (2017). “The Impact of Trust in the News Media on Online News Consumption and Participation”. Digital Journalism, 5 (10), 1281-1299.
GALLUP and KNIGHT FOUNDATION (2020, August 4). “American Views 2020: Trust, Media and Democracy”. Knight Foundation. Retrieved from https://knightfoundation.org/reports/american-views-2020-trust-media-and-democracy/.
GONZÁLEZ-TOSAT, C. and SÁDABA-CHALEZQUER, C. (2021). “Digital Intermediaries: More than New Actors on a Crowded Media Stage”. Journalism and Media, 2 (1), 77-99.
GUNTHER, A. C., MCLAUGHLIN, B., GOTLIEB, M. R. and WISE, D. (2017). “Who says what to whom: Content versus source in the hostile media effect”. International Journal of Public Opinion Research, 29 (3), 363-383.
HALLIN, D. C. and MANCINI, P. (2004). Comparing Media Systems: Three Models of Media and Politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
HALLIN, D. C., MELLADO, C. and MANCINI, P. (2023). “The Concept of Hybridity in Journalism Studies”. The International Journal of Press/Politics, 28 (1), 219-237.
HASEBRINK, U. and DOMEYER, H. (2012). “Media Repertoires as Patterns of Behaviour and as Meaningful Practices. A Multimethod Approach to Media Use in Converging Media Environments”. Participations. Journal of Audience & Reception Studies, 9 (2), 757-779.
HASEBRINK, U. and HEPP, A. (2017). “How to research cross-media practices? Investigating media repertoires and media ensembles”. Convergence, 2 (4), 362-377.
JAKOBSSON, P. and STIERNSTEDT, F. (2023). “Trust and the Media: Arguments for the (Irr)elevance of a Concept”. Journalism Studies, 24 (4), 479-495.
JORDAN, T. (2013). Internet, Society and Culture. Communicative Practices Before and After the Internet. New York: Bloomsbury.
KALOGEROPOULOS, A., SUITER, J., UDRIS, L. and EISENEGGER, M. (2019). “News media trust and news consumption: Factors related to trust in news in 35 countries”. International Journal of Communication, 13 (22), 3672-3693.
KARLSSON, M., FERRER CONILL, R. and ÖRNEBRING, H. (2023). “Recoding Journalism: Establishing Normative Dimensions for a Twenty-First Century News Media”. Journalism Studies, 1-20.
KIM, S. J. (2016). “A Repertoire Approach to Cross-Platform Media Use Behavior”. New Media & Society, 18 (3), 353-372.
KOHRING, M. and MATTHES, J. (2007). “Trust in news media: Development and validation of a multidimensional scale”. Communication Research, 34 (2), 231-252.
KOVACH, B. and ROSENSTIEL, T. (2001). The Elements of Journalism: What Newspeople Should Know and the Public Should Expect. New York: Crown Publishers.
LEE, A. M. and CHYI, H. I. (2014). “Motivational Consumption Model: Exploring the Psychological Structure of News Use”. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 91 (4), 706-724.
LEE, TT. (2010). “Why they don’t trust the media: An examination of factors predicting trust”. American Behavioral Scientist, 54 (1), 8-21.
LÓPEZ-RICO, C. M., GONZÁLEZ-ESTEBAN, J. L. and HERNÁNDEZ-MARTÍNEZ, A. (2020). “Polarización y confianza en los medios españoles durante el Covid-19. Identificación de perfiles de audiencia”. Revista Española de Comunicación en Salud, 77-89.
MADIANOU, M. and MILLER, D. (2012). “Polymedia: Towards a New Theory of Digital Media in Interpersonal Communication”. International Journal of Cultural Studies, 16 (2), 169-187.
MARTÍNEZ-COSTA, M. P., SÁNCHEZ-BLANCO, C. and SERRANO-PUCHE, J. (2020). “News consumption of hard and soft topics in Spain: Sources, formats and access routes”. Communications, 45 (2), 198-222.
MASIP, P., SUAU, J. and RUIZ-CABALLERO, C. (2020). “Percepciones sobre medios de comunicación y desinformación: ideología y polarización en el sistema mediático español”. Profesional de la información, 29 (5). https://doi.org/10.3145/epi.2020.sep.27
MCLUHAN, M. (1964). Understanding media: The extensions of man. Toronto: McGraw Hill.
MCNAIR, B. (2012). Journalism and democracy: An evaluation of the political public sphere. London: Routledge.
MEDINA, M., ETAYO-PÉREZ, C. and SERRANO-PUCHE, J. (2023). “Trust Categories for Television News and Indicators for its Measurement: Perceptions of Stakeholders in Germany, Spain and Italy”. Revista Mediterránea de Comunicación/Mediterranean Journal of Communication, 14 (1), 307-324.
MELLADO, C. and HERMIDA, A. (2023). “The Journalist on Social Media: Mapping the Promoter, Celebrity and Joker Roles on Twitter and Instagram”. Digital Journalism, 1-22.
MEYER, P. (1988). “Defining and measuring credibility of newspapers: developing an index”. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 65 (3), 567-574.
MOLYNEUX, L. (2019). “Multiplatform news consumption and its connections to civic engagement”. Journalism, 20, 788-806.
MORENO-MORENO, E. and SANJURJO-SAN-MARTÍN, E.-L. (2020). “Consumo selectivo de las marcas periodísticas en España: confianza, orientación política y grado de consumo digital”. Profesional de la información, 29 (5). https://doi.org/10.3145/epi.2020.sep.24
NORRIS, P. (2014). “Watchdog Journalism”. In: BOVENS, M., GOODIE, R. and SCHILLEMANS, T. (Eds.). The Oxford Handbook of Public Accountability. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 525-541.
PALAU SAMPIO, D. and GÓMEZ MOMPART, J. L. (2017). “Calidad y credibilidad, un binomio inexorable para el futuro de los medios”. Periodística: revista acadèmica, 16, 11-28.
PÉREZ-ESCODA, A. and PEDRERO-ESTEBAN, L. M. (2021). “Retos del periodismo frente a las redes sociales, las fake news y la desconfianza de la generación Z”. Revista latina de comunicación social, 79, 67-85.
PETERS, C. and BROERSMA, M. J. (Eds.) (2013). Rethinking Journalism: Trust and participation in a transformed news landscape. London: Routledge.
PETERS, C. and BROERSMA, M. J. (Eds.) (2017). Rethinking Journalism again: Societal role and public relevance in a digital age. London: Routledge.
PETERS, C. and SCHRØDER, K. C. (2018). “Beyond the Here and Now of News Audiences: A Process-Based Framework for Investigating News Repertoires”. Journal of Communication, 68 (6), 1079-1103.
POSTMAN, N. (1970). “The Reformed English Curriculum”. In: EURICH, A. C. (Ed.). High School 1980: The Shape of the Future in American Secondary Education. New York: Pitman Publishing Corporation, 160-168.
RODRÍGUEZ-VIRGILI, J., SIERRA, A. and SERRANO-PUCHE, J. (2022). “Motivations for News Exposure in Different Media Systems: A Comparative Study of Germany, Spain and the United Kingdom”. Communication Today, 13 (1), 60-73.
SALAVERRÍA, R., BUSLÓN, N., LÓPEZ-PAN, F., LEÓN, B., LÓPEZ-GOÑI, I. and ERVITI, M.-C. (2020). “Desinformación en tiempos de pandemia: tipología de los bulos sobre la Covid-19”. Profesional de la información, 29 (3). https://doi.org/10.3145/epi.2020.may.15
SÁNCHEZ ARANDA, J. J. (2020). Communication History. An Introduction. Pamplona: Eunsa.
SCHRØDER, K. C. (2015). “News media old and new. Fluctuating audiences, news repertoires and locations of consumption”. Journalism Studies, 16 (1), 60-79.
SCHRØDER, K. C., BLACH-ØRSTEN, M. and KÆMSGAARD EBERHOLST, M. (2020). “Is There a Nordic News Media System?: A descriptive comparative analysis of Nordic news audiences”. Nordic Journal of Media Studies, 2 (1), 23-35.
SCHRØDER, K. C. and KOBBERNAGEL, C. (2010). “Towards a Typology of Cross-media News Consumption: A Qualitative–Quantitative Synthesis”. Northern Lights, 8, 115-138.
SCHUDSON, M. (2008). Why democracies need an unlovable press. Cambridge: Polity.
SCHULTZ, J. (1998). Reviving the Fourth Estate: Democracy, Accountability and the Media. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
SCOLARI, C. (Ed.). (2015). Ecología de los medios: entornos, evoluciones e interpretaciones. Barcelona: Gedisa.
SERRANO-PUCHE, J. (2013). Vidas conectadas: tecnología digital, interacción social e identidad. Historia y Comunicación Social, 18 (núm. especial noviembre), 353-364.
SERRANO-PUCHE, J. (2017). “Credibilidad y confianza en los medios de comunicación: un panorama de la situación en España”. In: GONZÁLEZ, M. and VALDERRAMA, M. (coords.). Discursos comunicativos persuasivos hoy. Madrid: Tecnos, 429-440.
STRÖMBÄCK, J. and LUENGO, O. G. (2008). “Polarized pluralist and democratic corporatist models: A comparison of election news coverage in Spain and Sweden”. International Communication Gazette, 70 (6), 547-562.
STRÖMBÄCK, J., TSFATI, Y., BOOMGAARDEN, H., DAMSTRA, A., LINDGREN, E., VLIEGENTHART, R. and LINDHOLM, T. (2020). “News media trust and its impact on media use: Toward a framework for future research”. Annals of the International Communication Association, 44 (2), 139-156.
SWART, J., PETERS, C. and BROERSMA, M. (2017). “Navigating Cross-Media News Use. Media repertoires and the value of news in everyday life”. Journalism Studies, 18 (11), 1343-1362.
SYVERTSEN, T., MJØS, O., MOE, H. and ENLI, G. (2014). The media welfare state: Nordic media in the digital era. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
TANEJA, H., WEBSTER, J. G., MALTHOUSE, E. C. and KSIAZEK, T. (2012). “Media consumption across platforms: identifying user-defined repertoires”. New Media & Society, 14 (6), 951-968.
THORBJØRNSRUD, K. and FIGENSCHOU, T. U. (2022). “The alarmed citizen: Fear, mistrust, and alternative media”. Journalism Practice, 16 (5), 1018-1035.
TSFATI, Y. and ARIELY, G. (2014). “Individual and Contextual Correlates of Trust in Media Across 44 Countries”. Communication Research, 41 (6), 760-782.
VAN AELST, P., STRÖMBÄCK, J., AALBERG, T., et al. (2017). “Political communication in a high-choice media environment: a challenge for democracy?”. Annals of the International Communication Association, 41 (1), 3-27.
VAN DALEN, A. (2021). “Rethinking journalist–politician relations in the age of populism: How outsider politicians delegitimize mainstream journalists”. Journalism, 22 (11), 2711- 2728.
VARA-MIGUEL, A. (2018). “Confianza en noticias y fragmentación de mercado: el caso español”. Comunicació: revista de recerca i d’anàlisi, 35 (1), 95-113.
VARA-MIGUEL, A. (2020). “Cross-national similarities and differences between legacy and digital-born news media audiences”. Media and communication, 8 (2), 16-27.
VÁZQUEZ-HERRERO, J. and NEGREIRA-REY, M., SILVA-RODRÍGUEZ, A. and RODRÍGUEZ-VÁZQUEZ, A. (2022). “Los medios bajo el prisma de la audiencia española: cuestión de confianza”. Estudios sobre el Mensaje Periodístico, 28 (2), 447-459.
WEAVER, D. H. and WILHOIT, G. C. (1996). The American journalist in the 1990s: US news people at the end of an era. London: Psychology Press.
WU, T. (2016). The Attention Merchants. The Epic Scramble to Get Inside Our Heads. New York: Knopf.
YUAN, E. (2011). “News consumption across multiple media platforms”. Information, Communication & Society, 14 (7), 998-1016.
Publicado
Descargas
Derechos de autor 2023 Aurken Sierra, Javier Serrano-Puche, Jordi Rodríguez-Virgili
Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución 4.0.
