TikTok y la caricaturización de la violencia en las relaciones de parejas adolescentes

Sabina Civila; Patricia De Casas Moreno; Antonio Daniel García Rojas; Ángel Hernando Gómez

doi:10.5565/rev/analisi.3632

TikTok and the caricaturing of violence in adolescent romantic relationships

Authors

Sabina Civila Universidad de Huelva
Patricia De Casas Moreno Universidad de Extremadura
Antonio Daniel García Rojas Universidad de Huelva
Ángel Hernando Gómez Universidad de Huelva

Abstract

Violence in romantic relationships is today recognized as a significant social problem. Among adolescents, this issue may be particularly concerning due to their lack of experience in the romantic sphere and to the influence of popular stereotypes. The growing popularity of TikTok and its creative possibilities may have a significant impact on young people’s perceptions of this issue. As a result, this can lead to the normalisation of toxic relationships and, therefore, have a negative effect on romantic relationships. This article analyses the discourse on TikTok regarding the normalisation of abusive behaviour in romantic relationships. To do so, a total of 328 videos available on this platform under the hashtags #eltoxico and #latoxica were examined, using thematic analysis as a qualitative research tool. The results show how TikTok users share content that exaggerates and dramatises toxic relationships, emphasising destructive behaviours such as control, abuse and emotional manipulation. Furthermore, there is a tendency to romanticise toxicity and to normalise negative behaviours through trivialization and use of humour. These patterns can influence perceptions of what constitutes a healthy relationship, leading to the acceptance of violent behaviour in the future by society.

Keywords

TikTok, toxic, teenagers, social media, TDV (teen dating violence)

References

ALBO-COS, Ú. (2020). «Cambio de perspectiva, comedia e interseccionalidad de #Esperancita en TikTok». Virtualis, 11 (21), 52-67.

ALBERDI, I. (2005). «Cómo reconocer y cómo erradicar la violencia contra las mujeres». En: Obra Social ”la Caixa”. Violencia: Tolerancia Cero. Barcelona: Fundación ”la Caixa”. Recuperado de https://bit.ly/3NupPYj

ANACONA, C. A. R. y GÓMEZ, J. A. M. (2022). Violencia en el noviazgo: evaluación, prevención e intervención en los malos tratos en parejas jóvenes. Bogotá: Editorial El Manual Moderno.

ANDRADE-SALAZAR, J. A.; CASTRO, P. D.; GIRALDO, L. y MARTÍNEZ, L. (2013). «Relaciones tóxicas de pareja». Psicología.com, 17 (2), 1-15.

BAJAR, M.; DOVIDIO, A. C.; DUHALDE, J.; GONZALÍA, N.; HESAYNE, I.; HUILI, M. E. y TEJO, M. C. (2021). «Estudios sobre las violencias de género en noviazgos adolescentes. Indagaciones en contexto virtualizado». En: Actas. Séptima Jornada de Investigación en Psicología. Argentina: Universidad de la Plata. [Fecha de consulta: 23/04/23]. Recuperado de https://bit.ly/3L16USe

BARTA, S.; BELANCHE, D.; FERNÁNDEZ, A. y FLAVIÁN, M. (2023). «Influencer marketing on TikTok: The effectiveness of humor and followers’ hedonic experience». Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 70, 103149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2022.103149

BARRIENTOS, M. A. (2021). «El impacto de la tecnología digital en las relaciones de pareja». Socialium, 5 (1), 163-179. https://doi.org/10.26490/uncp.sl.2021.5.1.750

BLANCO-RUIZ, M. (2014). «Implicaciones del uso de las redes sociales en el aumento de la violencia de género en adolescentes». Revista Comunicación y Medios, 30, 124-141. https://doi.org/10.5354/rcm.v0i30.32375

BRANSON, M. y MARCH, E. (2021). «Dangerous dating in the digital age: Jealousy, hostility, narcissism, and psychopathy as predictors of cyber dating abuse». Computers in Human Behavior, 119, 106711. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2021.106711

BRAUN, V.; CLARKE, V. y WEATE, P. (2016). «Using thematic analysis in sport and exercise research». En: SMITH, B. y SPARKES, A. C. (eds.). Routledge handbook of qualitative research in sport and exercise. Londres: Taylor & Francis (Routledge). https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315762012.ch15

CABELLO, A. (2017). «Myths of Romantic Love». Devenir Cyborg 2.0. Recuperado de https://devenircyborg.wordpress.com/2017/12/29/myths-of-romantic-love/

CALA, V. y MARTÍNEZ-GIL, M. C. (2022). «Ciberviolencia en la pareja adolescente: análisis transcultural y de género en centros de secundaria». Bordón, 74 (2), 11-30.

CALVETE, E.; FERNÁNDEZ-GONZÁLEZ, L.; ORUE, I.; MACHIMBARRENA, M. y GONZÁLEZ-CABRERA, J. (2020). «Validación de un cuestionario para evaluar el abuso en relaciones de pareja en adolescentes (CARPA), sus razones y las reacciones». Revista de Psicología Clínica con Niños y Adolescentes, 8 (1), 60-69. https://doi.org/10.21134/rpcna.2021.08.1.8

CENTERS FOR DISEASE CONTROL AND PREVENTION (2012). Understanding teen dating violence [en línea]. Estados Unidos. Recuperado de https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/13117 [Fecha de consulta: 11/04/23].

CIVILA, S. y JARAMILLO-DENT, D. (2022). «#Mixedcouples on TikTok: Performative hybridization and identity in the face of discrimination». Social Media + Society, 8 (3). https://doi.org/10.1177/20563051221122464

CROUCH, M. y MCKENZIE, H. (2006). «The logic of small samples in interview-based qualitative research». Social Science Information, 45 (4), 483-499. https://doi.org/10.1177/0539018406069584

EXNER-CORTENS, D. (2014). «Theory and teen dating violence victimization: Considering adolescent development». Developmental Review, 34 (2), 168-188. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dr.2014.03.001

HAENLEIN, M.; ANADOL, E.; FARNSWORTH, T.; HUGO, H.; HUNICHEN, J. y WELTE, D. (2020). «Navigating the new era of influencer marketing: how to be successful on Instagram». TikTok & Co. Calif. Manag. Rev., 63 (1), 5-25. https://doi.org/10.1177/0008125620958166

HERRERA, C. (2009). La construcción sociocultural de la realidad, el género y el amor romántico [tesis doctoral]. Universidad Carlos III de Madrid.

HERRICK, S.; HALLWARD, L. y DUNCAN, L. R. (2021). «This is just how I cope: An inductive thematic analysis of eating disorder recovery content created and shared on TikTok using #EDrecovery». International Journal of Eating Disorders, 54, 516-526. https://doi.org/10.1002/eat.23463

IBÁÑEZ, M. G.; VIÑALS, C. R. y DEL OLMO-ARRIAGA, J. L. (2022). «Instagram y Tiktok: el rol de la mujer en las redes sociales». VISUAL REVIEW. International Visual Culture Review, 9, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.37467/revvisual.v9.3525

JIMÉNEZ-PICÓN, N.; ROMERO-MARTÍN, M.; ROMERO-CASTILLO, R.; PALOMO-LARA, J. C. y ALONSO-RUÍZ, M. (2022). «Internalization of the Romantic Love Myths as a Risk Factor for Gender Violence: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis». Sexuality Research and Social Policy, 20, 837-854. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13178-022-00747-2

LELAURAIN, S.; FONTE, D.; GIGER, J.-C.; GUIGNARD, S. y LO MONACO, G. (2021). «Legitimizing Intimate Partner Violence: The Role of Romantic Love and the Mediating Effect of Patriarchal Ideologies». Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 36, 6351-6368. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260518818427

MATAMOROS-FERNÁNDEZ, A. (2023). «Taking Humor Seriously on TikTok». Social Media + Society, 9 (1). https://doi.org/10.1177/20563051231157609

MINISTERIO DE SANIDAD, SERVICIOS SOCIALES E IGUALDAD (2019). Macroencuesta de violencia contra la mujer 2019. Madrid: Ministerio de igualdad. Recuperado de https://bit.ly/3ldV4LD

MONTERO-FERNÁNDEZ, D.; GARCÍA-ROJAS, A. D.; HERNANDO-GÓMEZ, Á. y DEL RÍO, F. J. (2022). «Validación del Cuestionario de Violencia Digital (Digital Violence Questionnaire, DVQ) en la pareja sentimental». RELIEVE. Revista Electrónica de Investigación y Evaluación Educativa, 28 (2), 1-21. https://doi.org/10.30827/relieve.v28i2.26142

ORGANIZACIÓN MUNDIAL DE LA SALUD (2021). Violencia contra la mujer. OMS. Recuperado de https://bit.ly/40xAdBu [Fecha de consulta: 23/04/23].

OYARZÚN, J.; PEREDA, N. y GUILERA, G. (2021). «The prevalence and severity of teen dating violence victimization in community and at-risk adolescents in Spain». Child & Adolescent Development, 178, 39-58. https://doi.org/10.1002/cad.20433

PEÑA-FERNÁNDEZ, S.; LARRONDO-URETA, A. y MORALES-I-GRAS, J. (2023). «Feminismo, identidad de género y polarización en TikTok y Twitter». Comunicar, 75, 40-60. https://doi.org/10.3916/C75-2023-04

ROGERS, L. G. (2021). «TikTok teens: Turbulent identities for turbulent times». Film, Fashion & Consumption, 10 (2), 377-400. https://doi.org/10.1386/ffc_00031_1

RODRÍGUEZ-CASTRO, Y. y ALONSO-RUIDO, P. (2015). «Análisis de los discursos de los y las jóvenes sobre la violencia en las relaciones de pareja». Revista de Estudios e Investigación en Psicología y Educación, 2, 15-18. https://doi.org/10.17979/reipe.2015.0.02.235

SÁNCHEZ-VILLEGAS, M.; PÉREZ-RUÍZ, N.; VISBAL-BERRIO, Y.; ADRIÁN-PÉREZ, J.; AVILA, O.D. y SCHLEGEL-DÍAZ, A. (2022). «Representaciones sociales sobre la violencia en el noviazgo desde la perspectiva del hombre como víctima: develando la otra cara del problema». Límite (Arica), 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/s0718-50652022000100215

SOLDEVILA, A; DOMÍNGUEZ, A y CONSOLINI, L. (2012). «¿Celos, amor, culpa o patología? Cómo perciben la violencia de género en sus relaciones de pareja los/as estudiantes de Trabajo Social». Actas del 2. ° Congreso Interdisciplinario sobre Género y Sociedad: “Lo personal es político”.

SHARMA, M.; MINDERMANN, S.; ROGERS-SMITH, C.; LEECH, G.; SNODIN, B.; AHUJA, J.; SANDBRINK, J. B.; MONRAD, J. T.; ALTMAN, G.; DHALIWAL, G.; FINNVEDEN, L.; NORMAN, A. J.; OEHM, S. B.; SANDKÜHLER, J. F.; MELLAN, T.; KULVEIT, J.; CHINDELEVITCH, L.; FLAXMAN, S.; GAL, Y.; MISHRA, S.; BRAUNER, J. M. y BHATT, S. (2021). «Understanding the effectiveness of government interventions in Europe’s second wave of COVID-19». Nature Communication, 12, 5820, 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.03.25.21254330

TARRIÑO-CONCEJERO, L.; DE LOS ÁNGELES GARCÍA-CARPINTERO, M.; BARRIENTOS-TRIGO, S. y GIL-GARCÍA, E. (2023). «Violencia en el noviazgo y su relación con la ansiedad, la depresión y el estrés en jóvenes universitarios andaluces». Enfermería Clínica, 33 (1), 48-60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enfcli.2022.07.004

TEJEDOR-CALVO, S.; CERVI, L.; ROBLEDO-DIOSES, K. y PULIDO-RODRÍGUEZ, C. (2022). «Desafíos del uso de TikTok como plataforma educativa: Una red multitemática donde el humor supera al debate». Aula Abierta, 51 (2), 121-128. https://doi.org/10.17811/rifie.51.2.2022.121-128

VIZCAÍNO-VERDÚ, A. y ABIDIN, C. (2022). «Music challenge memes on TikTok: Understanding in-group storytelling videos». International Journal of Communication, 16 (26), 883-908. Recuperado de https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/18141

WANG, Y. (2020). «Humor and camera view on mobile short-form video apps influence user experience and technology-adoption intent, an example of Tiktok (DouYin)». Comput. Hum. Behav, 110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106373

WE ARE SOCIAL (2023). «Digital in 2023». Datareportal. Recuperado de https://datareportal.com/reports/digital-2023-global-overview-report [Fecha de consulta: 03/03/23].

WOLF, B. (2018). «Gender-based violence in discourse. A comparative study on anti-violence communication initiatives across Europe, in Austria and Spain». Anàlisi, 59, 1-27. https://doi.org/10.5565/rev/analisi.3164

WOLFE, D. A.; CROOKS, C.; JAFFE, P.; CHIODO, D.; HUGHES, R.; ELLIS, W.; STITT, L. y DONNER, A. (2009). «A school-based program to prevent adolescent dating violence: a cluster randomized trial». Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, 163 (8), 692-699. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpediatrics.2009.69

YELA GARCÍA, C. (2003). «La otra cara del amor: Mitos, paradojas y problemas». Encuentros en Psicología Social, 1 (2), 263-267.

Author Biographies

Sabina Civila, Universidad de Huelva

Sabina Civila (sabicivila@gmail.com ). FPI Predoctoral Researcher . PhD candidate in the Interuniversity Communication program (Málaga, Huelva, Sevilla y Cádiz) in the Educommunication line. Master in strategic communication and communication innovation (Malaga, Huelva, Seville and Cádiz), and Graduated in Advertising and Public Relations from the University of Cádiz. Researcher at the 'Ágora' Research Group (HUM-648). Currently he focuses his research on social networks, educommunication, media literacy and Islamophobia.

Patricia De Casas Moreno, Universidad de Extremadura

PhD in Communication in the area of Media Literacy from the University of Huelva. BA in Journalism. MA in Communication and Audiovisual Education, specialising in Communication 2.0 and Social Networks. Member of the Comunicar Group and of the Technical Council of the Comunicar Magazine. She is part of the Agora Research Group (HUM-648). Adjunct editor of the University Scientific Journal "Ágora Digital". Her line of research focuses on media quality, stereotypes, information language and the habits of the audience as a starting point for educational proposals for better consumption by society.

Antonio Daniel García Rojas, Universidad de Huelva

Contracted Professor Doctor of the area of Didactics and School Organization (DOE) and director of the Department of Pedagogy of the Faculty of Education, Psychology and Sports Sciences of the University of Huelva. Academically, Doctor of Education, Graduate in Psychopedagogy and Psychology; Diploma in Teaching Primary Education, Early Childhood Education and Physical Education.

At a professional level, he has been a teacher in Infant, Primary, Secondary and Vocational Training in various educational centers, having been Head of Studies in one of them for 10 academic years, also having other positions of responsibility in said centers.

He has tried to combine in his academic life, 25 years of teaching, the fourfold dimension that has to characterize university professors: teaching, research, academic and scientific management, and the transfer of knowledge to society. His academic training (17 university degrees) and teaching at different educational levels has given him an experience that benefits his university teaching activity in the degrees in which he currently works.

He has more than 160 participations in congresses, seminars and courses specifically

aimed at training for university teaching activity. This teaching activity is completed with the direction of 35 TFM and 60 TFG. Likewise, he has published teaching material through 3 books, has participated in 19 innovation/research projects in teaching, leading 5 of them.

Ángel Hernando Gómez, Universidad de Huelva

PhD in Psychology from the University of Huelva, and Professor in the Department of Social, Evolutionary and Educational Psychology at that university. Associate Editor of the journal Comunicar (Psychology Section). Member of the Research Group "AGORA, Group of educational studies and research in communication technologies, Orientation" within the Andalusian Research Plan (HUM-648). His interests as a researcher are focused on the prevention of violence in relationships between adolescents and young people, intervention in risky behaviour, the promotion of positive adolescent development and education. Along these lines, he has directed various research projects, doctoral theses and intervention programmes.